代词
A 人称代词:    我  你   他   她  它  我们 你们 他们
  分两类 主格  I   you  he  she  it  we  you  they
        宾格   me  you  him her  it  us  you  them
  1 主格在句中作主语 I am a student. They are workers.
  2 宾格在句中作动词或介词的宾语 He helps me.  Listen to me.
  3 作表语时常用宾格  It's me.
  4 作主语的顺序   you, he and I   we, you and they物主代词
  分两类:a 形容词性物主代词   my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
         b 名词性物主代词 mine, your, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs  
  1 形容词性物主代词在句中作定语,修饰名词.  my father , your book
  2 名词性物主代词作主语,表语,宾语,不修饰名词.
     This book is yours.  Mine is at home.    I'll use hers.
C  反身代词(自身代词)  -self/selves
   myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves
   规律:第三人称的反身代词是在其宾格后self/selves
        其他人称在其形容词性物主代词后加self/selves
   用法:可以作宾语 Please take care of yourself.  He didn't it all by himself.
        可以作表语 That boy was myself.
        可以作同位语 (译:本人) He himself is teacher. 他本人是个老师.
   (1)  help yourself to some fish 随便吃点鱼吧
   (2)  enjoy themselves=have a good time
D  相互代词
  1 each other 两者之间的关系
  2 one another　很多或更多人之间的关系
　例：We should help each other/one anther.我们可以互相帮助．
　注：有时相互代词可用所有格　　We should care other's lives.
                              我们应该关心彼此的生活．
Ｅ　指示代词　this, that, these, those

名词
　　可数名词可由a/an修饰，有复数形式；不可数名词不可由a/an修饰．
Ａ　名词变复数的方法：
　１　一般情况加s,如boys ,girls , th也可直接加s , months
  2　以 s,x,ch,sh 结尾的加es, buses, fishes, boxes, watches
  3  以o结尾的有的加s　 photos ,radios, zoos
             有的加es  ＂两人两菜＂heroes, negroes ; tomatoes, potatoes
  4　以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i加es  flies, cities
  5  以f,fe结尾的名词多数变f/fe为v加es  knives, shelves
  注：chief , roof , belief 直接加s
  6  特殊变化　men , women , children , feet , geese , teethes  7　外来词　　medium-media/mediums , phenomenon-phenomena , thesis-theses
              formula-formulae/formulas , analysis-analyses , crisis-crises
　８　合成词，边复数常把主要的词变为复数
　　　　　　　　sons-in-law , runners-up , bus-drivers
　注：含有man, woman的合成词变复数时都变
　　　　　　　men-teacher , women-doctors
  9　有的单词单复数相同　　Chinese , Japanese , sheep , deer
  10 fish  （１）指条数时单复数相同　（２）指种类时复数加es  (3)作成菜为不可数名词
Ｂ　名词所有格
　１　在后面加's  如　Tom's
  2   名词为复数以s/es结尾加'　如　students' classroom
  3  不以s/es结尾的复数加's   如   the children's teacher
  4  两个人在后者的后面加's   如   Lucy and lily's room

数词
A   基数词
  1  1-19分别有一个词  eleven , twelve , thirteen , fourteen , ......
  2  整十以ty结尾   twenty , thirty , forty , fifty , sixty , ......
  3  hundred百 , thousand千 , million百万 , billion十亿  
  4  几十几  先说整十,中间加"-"   twenty-three , fifty-six
  5  几百几十几 先说百加and加几十几   five hundred and forty-six
  注:  1  hundreds of 成百上千 , thousands of...
       2  In the 1980s   20世纪80年代
B   序数词
       first , second , third , fourth , fifth , sixth , seventh , eighth , ...
    规律: 1   一般在基数词后加th
          2   1 2 3单独记  
          3   以ve结尾的变f加th
          4   以ty结尾的变y为i加eth
          5   多位数的序数词变个位   twenty-fourth
   注: 在句中使用时常加the   the first student
       加不定冠词时表示再一次,又一次    He has to do it a second time.
C   分数词  
       先说分子再说分母,分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于一时,分母用复数形式.
      1/3 one-third , 2/3 two-thirds ,
   注: 1/2可以写成 a half/one half , 1/4可以写成a quarter/one quarter
       复杂分数37/9 thirty-seven over nine , 87/33 eighty-seven over thirty-three
D    小数  "." point 所有数都按单个基数来读
       3.425 three point four two five
       0.312 zero point one two three  

  形容词
A   在句中的作用
  1 作定语 :前置定语 a big apple , an interting book
            后置定语 anything/something important , a school different from other
  2 作表语 This book is interting.   Please keep quiet.
  3 宾语补足语(复合补足语) I found the book interting.
  4 作状语 He spent seven days in the place cold and hungry.
  注:(1) 大部分的形容词在句中既可作定语也可作表语  a big apple  ; The apple is big.
     (2) 但有些形容词只可用作表语: alone , afraid , asleep , awake , aware , alive , ashamed ,
                             content , unable
     (3) able 既可作表语也可作定语 able an able doctor
                              be able to
     (4) 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序  op  sh  a  c  o  m
         op-opinion 观点看法 beautiful
         sh-shape 形状大小 big  small  round
         a -age  年龄新旧 new  old
         c -colour 颜色 red  blue
         o -origin 产地 Chinese  Janpanese
         m -material 材料
         例: a beautiful big new red Chinese plastis bag

副词

A  副词在句中可修饰动词,形容词,副词.  He runs quickly.  so big ; very much
B  形容词变副词的方法:
1   一般直接加ly  quickly  carefully
2   以辅音加le结尾的去e加y  terribly  simply 注:wholly例外.
3   以辅音加y结尾的,当y读作[i]时,变y为i加ly  easily
4   特殊的: truly , fully

形容词,副词的比较级,最高级
一  构成:
A   单音节或少数双音节
  1  一般情况直接加 er/est  small-smaller-smallest
  2  以e结尾的形容词/副词加 r/st  fine-finer-finest ; nice ; large
  3  以辅音字母加y结尾,变y为i加er/est  busy-busier-busiest
  4  双写  big-bigger-biggest ; red ; fat ; thin ; sad
B   多音节和和多数双音节的形容词/副词的比较级,最高级,在前面加 more/most,
    beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful ; important ; carefully
C   特殊  good/well-better-best ; bad/ill-worse-worst ; much/many-more-most ; little-less-least;
          far-farther/further-farthest/furthest ; old-older/elder-oldest/eldst

二  比较级的用法,用于两者对比
A   常用于含有than的句子中 Tom is taller than Mike.
B   可用在含有which的句中 Which is bigger the sun or the earth.
C   比较级+比较级表示越来越...  bigger and bigger
    比较级前常用一些词修饰 much , far , alittle , still , even
D   比较级与the连用
  1  "the+比较级,the+比较级" 越是...就是...  The busier he is , the happier he feels.
  2  表示两者中"较...的一个" 比较级前要加the   He is the stranger of two.
三  最高级的用法
      用于三者以上的人/物之间的对比,形容词的最高级在句中使用时常加the , 副词的最高级在句中使用时有时可以加
  the.
A   常与表示范围的结构连用
  He is the tallest in our class in our class of the three/of all the students.
  If all the students, he studies (the) student.
B   也可用在含有which 的句子中  Which is the biggest , the earth or the moon?
注: 形容词的最高级也有不加the情况
    (1)当最高级前有物主代词修饰的时候 my best friend  
    (2)当形容词的最高级在句中作表语时 Vegetable are best when they are fiesh.

介词
最活跃的词之一,搭配能力强
学习介词的方法,1掌握介词的基本意思,2多记固定搭配,如look for, look on, look at
A   时间前的介词的做法
1  AT (1)点钟 at six (2)固定短语at night , at that time
2  IN (1)年 in 1999 (2)月in April (3)季 in summer (4)年月合用in April,1999 (5)in the evening
   (6)一段时间 in a week 常用于将来时的句子中,译成...之后
3  ON (1)星期 on Sunday (2)日期或具体的一天,无论上午下午都用on ,如on May .41999;on new year''day
4  FOR (1) 接一段时间,常用来回答how long 的句子,此时for不译
           He lived in Beijing for 3 years.
5  FROM 常于to连用 from Monday to Friday; from 1986 to 1999
6  DURING 在...期间,常接表示时间段的名词 During the Seland World War
7  SINCE 自从....,常用于完成时的句子中,后面常跟表示过去的时间,since 1999

B   地点前介词的用法
  AT 相对小的地点,IN 相对较大的地点:in Beijing ; at the library
     at the hospital 可指在内部,外部,附近,不确定
     in the hospital 在内部
  WITHIN 在...范围之内(不出...的范围),within+距离;of+地点
     He lives within 2 miles of the school.

除了
except 不包括后面的人物,We all passed the exam except tom.
heside 包括后面的人物,We all passed the exam heside tom.
except for 先说明基本情况,然后在细节上给予纠正,Your compostion is good except for spelling mistable.

一般过去时
构成:动词用过去时
用法:表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态
过去式的构成:1 不规则动词,记cut-cut-cut;teach-taught;catch-caught
             2 规则动词(1)一般加ed
             3 以e结尾加d
             4 双写 stopped; permit; plan
否定: 1 be(was, were)后加not  2 主语后加助动词didn't+动词原形
疑问: 1 be(was ,were)提前     2 did+主语+动词原形
常见的时间: this time yesterday , at eight , last night , when(引导从句)

情态动词
特点:具有本身的意义,常和动词原形连用,一起构成谓语
     can  do 可以和所有人称连用
1 can (1) 表示能力 I can speak English.
      (2) 表示客观存在的可能性 He can never stand up.
      (3) 表示许可与may相近,但be able to 可以用于多种时态
2 could (1) 是can 的过去式,过去的能力或可能性:He said he could help me .He asked if he could take the book out of the room.
        (2) 表示现在的情况时,语气比can委婉,Could I smoke here?
3 may (1)表许可,May I come in?
      (2)表示可能性,或许 He may come tonight.
      (3)可以用来表示祝愿 May you succeed.
4 might (1)是may的过去式,表示过去的许可或可能性,He said he might come tonight.
        (2)说明现在的情况时,might常可代替may,但might比may的语气委婉,它的可能性比may要小
5 must (1)表示必须 We must clean the classroom(主观的愿望想法)
                  We have to clean the classroom(客观要求)
       (2)表示揣测,译成"一定" He must be in the libary.
注: 回答must一般疑问句,否定回答
    No, you need mustn't 表禁止,表不能
    Must I stay here? No you needn't.
6 should
  ought to 语气更重些,表示责任义务时,通常用ought to
  We should help each other.  You are his father , you ought to care of him.
ought to 变否定句时,在其后加not,变一般疑问句时ought提前,to 不变
7 need 表"需要"要用于否定或疑问句中 You needn't help him . Need I come?
       还可以用作及物动词,后面接不定式
8 dare "敢于"常用于否定,疑问句中 The girl dare not go home .  Dare you like in this room.
注:dare 也可以用作及物动词后接不定式, The boy didn't dare to leave .
    情态动词后也可以接完成结构
  1 must have+ 过去分词,表示对过去事情的推测, The ground is wet . It must have rained last night.
  2 should have+过去分词,表本应该做而未做的事情, The flower is dead, I should have watered it.
  3 Could/might + have+过去分词,表示可以做而未做的事情
    情态动词也可以接进行时结构 must be + 动词ing,  He must be waiting us . Let's hurry up.
                                                 He can be reading in the classroom.

句子
  A 按句子结构分:
1 简单句,只有一个主谓结构的句子. I love you.
2 并列句,并列连词(and, but, or, so, for)把两个或两个以上的句子连接起来,You must study hard or you will fail the exam.
3 复合句,有两个或两个或两个以上的主谓结构构成,并且其中一个主谓结构充当一个句子成分(主,宾,定,状,同位语)He said he was a student.
  B 按说话的意图分
1 陈述句,陈述一个事实,He gets up at six every day.
2 祈使句,表示命令或请求,愿望,叮嘱.以动词原形开始,省去主语,否定是在动原前加don''t  , Take care of yourself.
注:祈使句后可以加一个简短的问句,表示语气客气, Let''s go to school,shall we?
3 感叹句表示一种惊奇,愉快,气愤等情绪
  How+形容词/副词+主+谓
  What+ a/an+(adj)单数名词+主+谓
        (adj)名词复数+主+谓
  看主语前是什麽决定用哪个词, 感叹句常可以把主语省去,尤其是以what开头
4 疑问句 : 一般,特殊,选择,反意
(1)一般疑问句,用TES/NO来回答,常把助动词BE,情态动词WILL,DO,DOES,DID,HAVE...提前. Are you a teacher? Yes i am.
(2)特殊疑问句,由疑问词加一般疑问句构成.WHAT,WHEN,WHERE,HOW MANY
注: 当主句为疑问句或由疑问词修饰时,后用陈述语序, How many students are playing football.
5 选择疑问句,提供两种或两种以上的情况供选择
  构成:一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句
6 反意疑问句,先陈述一个事实,后加上一个简短的疑问句(前面肯定,后面否定/前面否定,后面肯定) He is a student, isn't it ?
注:如果陈述句中含有hardly/seldom/little/few等表示否定意义的词时,应该看作否定句,
    He never went to school late, did he ?
    陈述句为否定句时,回答YES译为"不",NO译为"是"

现在完成时
1 构成:助动词HAVE/HAS+过去分词,否定:HAVE/HAS后加NOT;疑问:HAVE/HAS提前
2 用法:表示过去发生的动作对现在构成的影响或结果
3 常跟的时间状语:all readly(用于肯定句) yet否"还" 疑"已经" , just , ever , never
  不可以与明确表示过去的时间连用
4 过去发生的动作一直保持到现在
  He has lived in Beijing for 10 years.
  常接的时间状语:(1)for+一段时间, for不祥 (2)since +一般过去时的句子/过去的时间
注:此时所用的动词finish, marry, borrow, buy, join, die 用It's+一段时间since+主语+过去式

过去完成时
1 构成(助)had+过去分词 否定:在HAD后加NOT  疑问:HAD提前
2 用法:表示在过去的某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作(过去的过去)
注:不是一个可以随便用的时态,是相对的时态,只有与过去某个时间某个动作对比时才会用到它.
    He said he had finished his homework.
    常用在复合句中或用在(by+过去的时间)这一结构中"到...为止"
    When had learned 5 English Songs, by the end of last term.
    现在完成时的时间状语在过去完成时里都可以用

过去将来时
1 构成:would(所有人称)/should(只用于第一人称)+动原 或 was/were going to +动词原形
2 用法:表示从过去某个时间看,将要发生的动作,着眼点是过去,从过去看将来(过去的将来)
       He said he would go to visit the Great wall, next year.
3 语态:(1)主动语态,主语是谓语动作的执行者 They built the house last year.
       (2)被动语态,主语是谓语动作的承受者 The house was built last year.
      被动语态的构成:be+及物动词的过去式(不及物动词无被动语态)
4 各时态的被动语态
  一般现在时am/is/are+过分;一般过去时was/were+过分
  一般将来时will/shall + be +过分;现在进行时am/is/are +being+过分
  现在完成时have/has +been+过分;过去完成时had +been+过分
  过去将来时would/should +be+过分;过去进行时was/were +being+过分
  含情态动词can +be+过分

主动变被动的方法
1 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语
2 把主动语态的谓语变为被动结构
3 把主动的主语做BY的宾语,放在谓语动词之后(根据情况,BY结构可以省去,尤其是代词)
4 当主动结构中含双宾语时常把间接宾语变为主语
5 当主语结构中含有固定短语时不可拆

动词不定式:非谓语动词
非谓语动词(不定式,动名词,分词)
1 结构:to+动原,后面可以用宾语,状语,表语
不定式符号/小品词 to tell him 宾 , to run quickly 状 , to be a teacher 表
2 动词不定式在句中的作用(主,宾,表,宾补,定语,状语)
(1)做主语:To swim in deep water is very dangerous.
          不定式做主语时若太长,可以用IT代替,而把真正的主语放在后面,使句子平稳.
         It's very dangerous to swim in deep water.
          若要表示出不定式的动作是谁做的,用for +sb结构,放在不定式之前.
(2)做宾语:前面的谓语动词常常具有愿望决心的意思 He wants to live here.
          主+动+it(adj)+to do
(3)做表语:放在BE动词之后,多表示将来的动作 My plan is to learn 1500 new words this term.
(4)做宾补:动 +sb +to do sth ; want/tell/order/ask +sb +to do sth
         常见动词(want,tell,order,ask,invite,force,beg,allow,wish,prefer,expect,encourage,advise,persuade,permit, remind, request, command, warn, urge)
         使意动词(let, have, make) 感官动词(see, watch, hear, feel, notice)
         help sb (to) do sth  My mother help me (to) learn English.
(5)做定语:注:a要放在所修饰词之后;b不定式的动作与所修饰的词之间常有动宾关系(可倒过来说)
             c不定式是不及物动词时,应加上相应的介词;d有时不定式的动作与所修饰的词无动宾关系
(6)做状语:(可以表示目的,结果,原因)
          a 目的:He came here to see his uncle.
            注:不定式做状语时为了强调目的,可以把不定式移到前面,还可以在TO前加in order to...
            He came here in order to see his uncle.
          b 结果:He woke up to hear something strange.
            too...too...
            He is too young to go to school.
          c 原因:I am sorry to hear that.
                 主+be+形容词+to do sth  I'm happy to see you .
3 不定式的特殊用法:可以与疑问句连用 How to do...when/where/what/which to...
                  可以做主语,宾语,表语
                  不定式否定形式:在TO前面加NOT
4 不定式逻辑主语
(1)有时就是句子是主语 He wants to do it.
(2)有时是句子的宾语 He asked me to help him.
(3)It's+形容词for sb to do sth

不定式的时态和语态
时态:
1 不定式的一般式(to do)表示不定式的动作发生在谓语动作之前 I''m sorry to have given you so much trouble.
2 进行时(to be doing)不定式动作与谓语动词同时发生并正在继续
  I am glad to be studing with you in the same class.
3 完成进行式(to have been doing)不定式动作发生在谓语动作之前,并正在进行
  I'm glad to have been studing with you in the same class since last month.
语态:主动,逻辑主语是不定式或动作的执行者
     被动,逻辑主语是不定式或动作的承担者
1 一般式被动语态,常表示动作在将来发生(to be done) He asked to be sent to Guangdong.
2 完成式的被动语态,表示过去的动作(to have been done) He is glad to have been told about it.