状语从句
包括(时间,原因,地点,条件,目的,结果,让步,比较)
1 时间状语从句:once, when, while, as, before, after, until, since, as soon as...
WHEN
(1)The train had left when I got to station.(之后)
(2)I will tell him when he come back.(之前)
(3)I was cooking when he came in .(同时)
WHILE
   While amts grow they change their from 3 times.
AS
   He sang happily as was cleaing the bike.
BEFORE
He didn't know Chinese before be come here.
AFTER
He went to shanghai after he graduated from the school.
UNTIL
He didn''t go to bed until be finished homework.
SINCE(常接过去时的句子)
He has taught in this school since be moved here.
AS SOON AS
He wrote to me as soon as be get to Beijing .
ONCE
Once he passes the exam he will treat us.
2 地点状语从句(where,wherever)
  We will meet him where I met you yesterday.
  I will find him wherever he may be .
3 条件状语从句(if,unless,as/so long as , in case,suppose,on condition,provided)
IF
I will help you if I have time.
UNLESS
I''ll go to the zoo unless it tomorrow.
AS/SO LONG AS
You can pass the exam as long as you don''t lase heart.
IN CASE
Please write to me in case you have any difficulty.
SUPPOSE
Suppose I can''t pass the exam ,what shall I do .
ON CONDITION
I will let you use the room .
4 目的状语从句(so that , in order that , lest , for fear that)
He is climbing higher so that he can see clearly.
I wrote something in the book lest I would forget it.
5 结果状语从句(so that , so...that , such...that)
He studied hard,so that he passed the exam.
注:so that 引导结果状语从句有逗号,并不含情态动词,目的状语从句无逗号,常常含有情态动词.
6 让步 although/though   even if/though
I''ll help you although,I am busy now.
We wont''t look down on you even if you failthe.

名词性从句(宾语从句,主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)
1宾语从句(1)时态一致,主语为过去时,从句必须是过去的某个时态.(2)陈述语序.(3)可由that , whether/if疑问词连接
当从句是陈述句时,用that引导,That常可以省去.
He said. He is a student.  H e said (that) he was a student.
当从句是疑问句时,用whether/if引导
He asked . Did you live here last year ?  He asked if you lived here last year?
当从句是特殊疑问句时用疑问词引导
He asked. Who is he ?  He asked who he was?
2主语从句陈述语序
(1)陈述句做主语从句,用that引导.  
(2)一般疑问句做主语从句,用whether引导,不可以用if
(3)特殊疑问句做主语,从句用疑问词引导,太长可以用IT代替,主语移到后面.
3表语从句(BE 动词之后,陈述语序,常由THAT疑问词引导,无whether)            
His sugpestion is (that)we go to the zoo.
That is (why am i late?)  That is why I am late .
4同位语从句:解释说明所修饰的词,(idea , fact , news , hope , belief , thought , doubt)用THAT且不可以省去.
The fact that he failed the exam made him sad.

直接引语,间接引语
直接引语,用别人的原话,书写时加引号.  He said "I like football".
间接引语,用自己的话,转述别人的话. He said that he liked football.
1 直接引语为陈述句时变为间接引语的方法
(1)用THAT连接,THAT常常可以省去.
(2)主句中谓语动词若为said to改为told
(3)六大变化(人称,时态,指示代词,时间状语,地点状语,动词)
人称变化 :　规律，一随主，二随宾，三不变（其中一，二，三是指直接引语中的第一人称，第二人称，第三人称，主是主句的主语，宾是主句的宾语，若无宾语看作第一人称）
           He said,"I left your book in her desk"   He said (that)he had left mine book in her desk.
           He said to Tom,"I ment to your house yesterday.   He told Tom (that)he had gone his house yesterday.
时态变化　：后错一个，变为原时态过去的那个时态．前提，主句为一般过去时，如果主句是现在时，时态不变．
           一般现在时变为一般过去时(am/is/are 动词---过去式)
           现在进行时变为过去进行时(am/is are+doing---was/were+doing)
           一般将来时变为过去将来时(will/shall+do---would/should+do)
           一般过去时变为过去完成时(过去式---had+过分)
           现在完成时变为过去完成时(have/has+过分---had+过分)
   特例:当直接引语为普遍真理的时候,时态不变;当直接引语中含有明确表示过去的时间状语,如日期,时态不变.
指示代词的变化 : this---that , these---those
时间状语的变化 : now---then , today---that day , tonight---that night , this week---that week , tomorrow---the next day , yesterday---the day before ,
                last week---the week before , 3 years ago---3 years before
地点状语的变化 : here---there
动词的变化 : come---go
2直接引语为一般疑问句,反意疑问句,选择疑问句,变为间接引语的方法
(1)用if/whether连接
(2)主句中动词若为said---asked
(3)由疑问语序变为陈述语序
(4)6大变化
3直接引语为特殊疑问句时
(1)用原疑问词连接
(2)语序变为陈述语序
(3)六大变化
4直接引语为祈使句时变为间接引语
(1)把动词原形变为"to+动原";否定形式"Don''t+动原"变为"not to +动原"
(2)把主句的谓语动词换成tell,order,ask
(3)六大变化

强调句
结构:It+be(is/was)+要强调的部分+that/who+剩余的部分
注:be 动词根据原句时态确定,如是现在时或将来时用IS ,如果过去的时态,用WAS,若是现在完成时用WHO, THAT用于任何东西(人)
1 The students are reading in the classroom.
  It is the students who are reading in the classroom. It is in the classroom that the students are reading.
2 Mr Smith met Tom in the street yesterday
  It was yesterday that Mr Smith met Tom in the street.

现在完成进行时
构成:have/has been doing
用法:1指过去发生的动作一直持续到现在,有可能还要继续,也有可能停止.
    2 表示现在之前这段时间重复发生的动作.
We have been talking about you.

定语从句
1 定语从句应该放在所修饰词的后面.
2 被修饰的词称为先行词
3 定语从句可由who/whom/which/that/when/where/why/whose引导,这些引导词代表先行词(可以称为替身)在从句中可做主语,宾语,状语等)
(1)当先行词是人的时候,作主语作用who/that作宾语用whom/that
   He is a man who (that) teaches well.替身在定语从句中做主语.
注:引导词在句中做宾语时可以省去
(2)当先行词是物的时候用which/that引导,在句中可做主语/宾语
The letter which(that) came just now is for Tom
注:引导词在句中做宾语时可以省去
(3)当先行词是地点时用where,在从句中做状语,可以省去
The factory (where he works)is very far.
(4)当先行词是时间用when,在从句中做状语可以省去.
The day (when you came )was Tnesday.
(5)当先行词是原因时用why在从句中做状语时,可以省去.
The reson(why he came here)is not dear.
(6)表示"...的"时候用whose 在句中做定语指人/物
Is there a girl whose name is lucy.
注:当which/that/whom/在从句中做宾语时可省,where/when/why也可省,当先行词为物时,在下列情况只能用that,而不能用which
   (1)当先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时,只能用that不能用which      This is the best book that I borrowed yesterday.
   (2)当先行词前有序数词或last/only修饰词时,只能用that 不用which  This is the first/last/only bridg that will be built this year.
   (3)当先行词前有不定代词修饰,或者先行词本身就是不定代词时,只能用that,不能用which
        Is there anything that can be eaten?All the books that are on the table are interesting.

定语从句的分类
限定性定语从句:不能与先行词分开,否定意思不完整,不清楚,翻译时常放在先行词前.
非限定性定语从句:可以与先行词分开,起补充说明的作用,去掉了,意思仍然完整,译时可以单独译,常用逗号隔开.
注:非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,指人时,用who/whom指物时用which
   He likes the room which is big.
   当引导词在从句中做介词的宾语时,可以把介词移到引导词之前,指物时用which,指人时用whom,而不能用that
   He didn''t pass the exam which made his sad .
   在非限定性定语从句中,which可以修饰,前面的整个句子,常放在后面.
   AS 在非限定性定语从句中,也可以修饰整个句子,常放在前面,译为"正如,正像"
   As is well-know tous the earth is round.

过去完成进行时
构成:had been doing
用法:表示过去某个时间前一直进行的动作.
He said it had been raining for 3 days.--- He told me I had been reading the novet.

将来进行时
构成:shall/will be doing
用法:
1 表示在将来某个时间,正在进行的动作. I will be cooking at five tomorrow afternoon.
2 表示要发生的动作 .  We will be studying lesson six next week.
3 有时可以代替将来时,便语气委婉些.  When will you leave?  When will you be leaving?(较委婉)

将来完成时
构成:shall/will have done
用法:在将来某个时间前,已经完成的动作
We will have learned 10 lessons when the term ends.
We will have finished the lesson by next Thuresday.

动名词:非谓语动词,不能做谓语
形式: 动词ING形式
具有动词的特征可有自己的宾语,状语,表语
具有名词的特征在句中可作主语,表语,宾语,也可做定语
1 做主语: Runing a super market is very difficult.--- It is very difficult running a super market.
  动名词做主语与不定式做主语时的区别:一般情况下,动名词做主语表示抽象的,经常性的动作; 不定式做主语表示具体的或将来要发生的动作.
  Tow swim with you this afternoon is exciting.
注:在下列结构中,只能用动名词做主语
   It''s no use (crying over the spilt milk)
   It''s no harm (doing morning exercises every day)
   It''s no good (reading in bed)
2 做表语 用在BE动词之后.
   His job is raising pigs.  
注:动名词做表语与不定式做表语的区别: 动名词表示一般性,经常性的活动,不定式常表示将来的动作
   His dream is to earn 10000 yuan each month.
3 做定语:表示所修饰物的用途(很多成为固定短语)
sleep-car , walking stick , swimming pool
4 做宾语
(1)做动词的宾语
有些动词后只能接动名词做宾语:enjoy , mind , suggest , finish , avoid , can''t help , admit , require , postpone , delay , practice , advise , consider ,
                            deny , endure , escape , miss , keep
有些词即能接动名词又能接不定式:remember , stop , forget , like/hate/prefer , try
(2)做介词的宾语   介+doing
My father gave up smoking two year ago.
动+介+doing:think of , hear of , prevent sb from , depend on , be/get used to , be fond of , be afraid of , succeed in , be interesting in ,
be pround of , be been on , object to , look forward to , be responsible for , insist on , used to do

动名词的时态及语态
时态:
1 动名词的一般式 doing
(1) 与谓语动作同时发生  Try doing it another way.
(2) 发生的时间不确定  Swimming is my hobbly.
2 动名词的完成式(having+过去分词)表示动名词动作发生在谓语动作之前.
  He was praised for having done well.
但我们常用一般来表示虽然该动作发生在谓语之前.
语态:
主动,逻辑主语是动作的执行者.
被动,逻辑主语是动作的承受者.
一般式的被动:He was afraid of making mistakes. He was afraid of being punished.
完成式的被动:having been +过去分词
            He was prond of having invited the teacher to party.
在动名词前,可以加上形容词性物主代词,宾格,名词的所有格来修饰.
Do you mind my opening the door.

IT的用法
1 指物  It is a pencil.
2 指时间,天气,季节,环境,距离等. It is six o'clock. It''s summer.
3 做形式主语代替动名词,不定式,主语从句 It''s important to study English well.
4 做形式宾语,代替动名词,不定式宾语从句 I found it difficult to study English well.
5 用于强调句型  It is/was+强调部分+that/who+剩余部分  It is in the room that he is reading.

分词:非谓语动词
两类(现在分词 动ing形式 ; 过去分词 +ed/不规则)
分词也可以有自己的宾语,表语,状语
*现在分词与过去分词的区别
现在分词:表示主动或进行  a flying bird
及物动词的过去分词,表示被动或完成 a used car
不及物动词的过去分词:只表示完成 fallen leaves
分词(现分,过分)在句中可以做A表语 B定语 C宾补 D状语
A 分词做表语,现在分词做表语时,表示主语的性质,特点 ; 过去分词做表语时,表示主语的状态.
The book is very interesting.           He is interested in the book.
*做表语的分词现已演化成形容词,可以把它做形容词来记.
The story is interesting.(现分) He hobby is swimming.(动名词)He is swimming.(现在进行时)
B做定语
1 单个(单独)的分词做定语,常在所修饰的词之前.现在分词表示主动和进行;过去分词表示被动或现成.
现在分词表示所修饰的人或物的具体动作,动名词做定语时表示所修饰的作用用途.
2 分词短语做宾语,必须放在所修饰的词之后,相当于一个定语从句.
现在分词,表示主动进行 ; 过去分词,表示被动完成
C宾补(现在分词表示进行 ; 过去分词,表示被动完成)
现在分词:I hard a girl sining in the room.
注:see sb do ; see sb doing
   hear sb de ; hear sb doing
   haw sth ; have sb do sth
D分词做状语(很常见)与句子主语主动关系是现在分词与句子主句被动关系是过去分词
1 做时间状语,相当于一个时间状语从句
注:有时为突出时间概念,可以在分词前加上when/while
2 做原因状语,相当于状语从句
Being busy he couldn''t go to see the film.---As he was busy he couldn''t go to see the film.
3 做条件状语,相当于一个条件状语从句
Living near the sea, she will know the sea.--- If he lives near the sea ,she will know the sea .
4 做方式状语
现在分词:He left the room singing and laughing.
过去分词:The old man lay in the street surrounded by many people.
注:分词作状语时它的逻辑主语必须是句子主语
分词前有时也可以有自己的逻辑主语,这种结构被称为分词的独立结构,在句中做状语分词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系用现在分词,被动关系用过去分词.
The night being dark he was afraid to leave.

分词的时态与语态
过去分词表示被动.完成只是一种形式
1 现在分词的时态与语态
时态:
(1)一般式,表示分词的动作与谓语动作同时发生或强调正在进行  I saw her playing under the tree.
(2)完成式(have done)表示分词动作发生在谓语之前.
语态:
当逻辑主语是分词动作的执行者时,用主动语态
当逻辑主语是分词动作的承受者时,用被动语态
一般式的被动语态(being+过分)
The bridge being built by the workers is the biggest in China.
完成式的语态(having been+过分)发生在谓语之前与逻辑主语是被动关系
Having been given a wrong mumber .I failed to call him.

虚拟语气
语气:在英语中,根据说话的意图,动词采取的不同的形式成为语气.
分类:陈述语气,陈述一个事实,提出一个问题.
    祈使语气,请求,命令.
    虚拟语气,表示主观愿望,不可能实现,在空想,仅用在几种结构中.
1 虚拟语气用在非真实的条件句中(if)
条件句:真实条件句,假设的条件很有可能实现,用陈述语气.
      非真实条件句,假设的条件,实现的可能性很小,是一种空想,与实际相反,用虚拟语气.
(1)与现实相反的假设:
条件从句:过去式  ;  主句:would+动原(第一人称可用should)
If I were you  I would go to Beijing.
注:BE 动词在虚拟语气中常用were,无论是第几人称,但在口语中,一,三人称单数也可以用WAS
(2)与过去相反的假设
从句:had+过分   ;   主句:would+have+过分
If I had enough money yesterday.I would have bought the TV set.
(3)与将来相反的假设,将来不可能实现的动作
从句:过去式/should+动原/were+动原   ;   主句:would+动原
If I had/should have/were to have enough money to tomorrow I would buy the car.
注:(1)主句中除WOULD/SHOULD之外,根据情况也可以用COULD/MIGHT
(2)当从句中含WERE/HAD/SHOULD时,可以把IF省去,把WERE/HAD/SHOULD提到主语之前.
2 虚拟语气在WISH后的宾语从句中表示主观愿望
现在的情况,动词用HAD+过分  ;  过去的情况,动词用HAD+过分   ;    特殊情况,动词用过去式/WOULD+动原
I wish I were/was as tall as you .
3 虚拟语气用在would rather后的宾语从句中,从句的动词形式与wish相同  I would rather he came here.
*4 在一些表示建议,要求,命令的动词之后的宾语从句中:suggest , order , demand , propose , command , request , desire , insist
从句中的动词形式(should)+动原  I suggest that you should go to school by bike .
5 在一些结构后的主语从句中:It''s desired , It''s requested , It''suggested , It''s ordered , It''s proposed , It''s necessary , It''s important/essential/crucial
+主语从句
It''s important that the students study English well.
6 在一些名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中
suggestion , proposal , order , recommendation , plan/idea
从句中动词的形式(should)+动原  My suggestion is that he take the place of Mr Smith.
7 在AS IF/AS THOUGH之后的状语从句中,从句中的动词形式与WISH相同
8 在It''s time/It''s high time后的从句中  "确实是...的时候了" 动词用过去式
It''s time we went to bed.

倒装句
自然语序:主语在谓语动词前面的句子.
倒装语序:谓语的全部成分放在主语之前.
(1)完全倒装:指谓语全部放在主要之前.
(2)部分倒装:指谓语的一部分(BE动词,助动词,情态动词)放到主语前面,另一部分仍在主语之后
倒装句常常用在以下结构中:
1 问句  Can I help you ?
2 陈述句多用自然语序,在下列情况下须倒装:
there be , here 开头的句子 ,以 so/neither/nor开头的句子 ,as 引导的让步状语从句
3 在一些否定意义的词开头的句子中
never , little , seldom , not only , hardly , scarcely
Never before has our country been so strong.
4 Hardly/scarrely/No snooner+had+主+过分
Hardly had I entered the room when he knocked at the door.

主谓一致
1 谓语动词在人称上必须和主语保持一致
2 主语为抽象概念,谓语用单数  Studing English is very important.
3 当主语含有AND时,多数情况用复数,如果表示"单一"用单数  Tom and Mike like swimming.
4 当主语包含"with , together , as well as , but , except , beside+名词"这样的结构谓语动词与主语保持一致
  The teacher with two students going to the libary.
5 由some/any/no/every构成的复合词,及each后的谓语动词用单数  Each of us has a dictionary.
6 which , who可以是单数,也可以是复数,*意思来判断
7 None后的动词,既是单数也可以是复数
8 either/neither通常做单数看待  Nerther of us has been to Beijing.
9 many a /more that one 修饰的词做主语时谓语用单数 Mary a student has lunch at school.
10 表示科学名称的词 physics , mathmatice  pulitice   economice  news   means  works做主语时动词用单数.
11 people , police , cattle 在任何情况下都做复数
12 family , crew , audience做主语时,若被看作整体,动词用单数,看作个体强调每个人的行为时,谓语用复数
  My family is a big one.  The family are watching a match.
13 either or/neither nor 连接并列主语,谓语与后者保持一致  Neither you nor I am able to leave here.
14 There be 句型后接一系列的事物时看第一个.